Royal Moroccan Army

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Royal Moroccan Army
Arabic: الجيش الملكي المغربي‎
Flag of the Royal Moroccan Army.svg
Flag of the Royal Moroccan Army
Foundedactive since: 1088[1] refounded :14 November 1956
Country Morocco
AllegianceKing of Morocco
BranchArmy
Typetazarine
RoleLand force
Size310,000 regular (2019 est.)[2]
200,000 reserve (2019 est.)
Part ofRoyal Moroccan Armed Forces
Motto(s)God, Homeland, King
Arabic: الله ,الوطن ,الملك‎
Berber languages: ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴰⵎⵓⵔ, ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ
Anniversaries14 November
EngagementsIfni War

Sand War
Six-Day War
Yom Kippur War
Western Sahara War
Shaba I
Gulf War
Battle of Mogadishu
Operation Scorched Earth(alleged)

Central African Republic conflict
Commanders
Supreme Commander of the Armed ForcesMohammed VI of Morocco
Minister-Delegate of the Administration of DefenseAbdellatif Loudiyi
General Inspector of the Armed ForcesAbdelfattah Louarak
Notable
commanders		Ahmed Dlimi
Insignia
Army Insignia
Moroccan Armed Force.png
Moroccan troops in Italy, December 1943
Moroccan Goumier sharpening his bayonet, Italy 1944
Zairian troops with a beret-wearing Moroccan military advisor (1977)
International coalition forces united against Saddam Hussein during Operation Desert Storm.

The Royal Moroccan Army (Arabic: الجيش الملكي‎, French: Armée royale, Spanish: Ejército Real, "Royal Army") is the branch of the Royal Moroccan Armed Forces responsible for land-based military operations.

The army is about 310,000 troops strong, In case of war or state of siege, an additional force of 200,000 Reservists and paramilitary forces, including 24,000 regulars of the Royal Moroccan Gendarmerie and 30,000 Auxiliary Forces come under the Ministry of Defense command.

Army forces from Morocco have taken part in different wars and battles during the twentieth century, from World War I, to the recent Central African Republic conflict.[3]

History[edit]

See also: Military history of Morocco

The Moroccan army has existed continuously since the rising of Almoravid Empire in the 11th-century. During the protectorate period (1912–1955),[4] large numbers of Moroccans were recruited for service in the Spahi and Tirailleur regiments of the French Army of Africa (French: Armée d'Afrique). Many served during World War I. During World War II more than 300,000 Moroccan troops (including goumier auxiliaries) served with the Free French forces in North Africa, Italy, France and Austria. The two world conflicts saw Moroccan units earning the nickname of "Todesschwalben" (death swallows) by German soldiers as they showed particular toughness on the battlefield. After the end of World War II, Moroccan troops formed part of the French Far East Expeditionary Corps engaged in the First Indochina War from 1946 to 1954.

The Spanish Army also made extensive use of Moroccan troops recruited in the Spanish Protectorate, during both the Rif War of 1921–26 and the Spanish Civil War of 1936–39. Moroccan Regulares, together with the Spanish Legion, made up Spain's elite Spanish Army of Africa. A para-military gendarmerie, known as the "Mehal-la Jalifianas" and modelled on the French goumieres, was employed within the Spanish Zone.

The Royal Armed Forces were created on 14 May 1956, after French Morocco, a French Protectorate, was dissolved. Fourteen thousand Moroccan personnel from the French Army and ten thousand from the Spanish Armed Forces transferred into the newly formed armed forces. This number was augmented by approximately 5,000 former guerrillas from the "Army of Liberation". About 2,000 French officers and NCOs remained in Morocco on short term contracts, until crash training programmes at the military academies of Saint-Cyr, Toledo and Dar al Bayda produced sufficient numbers of Moroccan commissioned officers.

The first wars that Moroccan troops have taken part in the 20th century as an independent country were the Ifni War and Sand War.

In the early 1960s, Moroccan troops were sent to the Congo as part of the first multifunctional UN peacekeeping operation, ONUC. But the Moroccan Armed Forces were mostly notable in fighting a 25-year asymmetric war (Western Sahara War) against the POLISARIO, an Algerian backed rebel national liberation movement seeking the independence of Western Sahara from Morocco.

The Royal Moroccan Army fought during the Six-Day War and on the Golan front during the Yom Kippur War of 1973 (mostly in the battle for Quneitra) and intervened decisively in the 1977 conflict known as Shaba I to save Zaire's regime.[5][6][7] After Shaba II, Morocco was part of the Inter-African Force deployed on the Zaire border, contributing about 1,500 troops.[8] The Armed Forces also took part in the Gulf War with a Mechanized Battalion and an infantry battalion in the Omar and Tariq Task Forces.

In the 1990s, Moroccan troops went to Angola with the three UN Angola Versification Missions, UNAVEM I, UNAVEM II, and UNAVEM III. They were also in Somalia, with UNOSOM I, the U.S.-led Unified Task Force (UNITAF), sometimes known by its U.S. codename of 'Restore Hope,' and the follow-on UNOSOM II. They saw fighting during the 3–4 October 1993 confrontation in Mogadishu to rescue a U.S. anti-militia assault force. Other peace support involvement during the 1990s included United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) in Cambodia, and the missions in the former Yugoslavia: IFOR, SFOR, and KFOR.

Recent United Nations deployment in Africa and elsewhere have included the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), the UNOCI, BINUCA and MISCA (2014)

Other missions have included:[citation needed]

Algeria, Morocco, and other Maghreb states affected by the GSPC insurgency have been assisted in fighting Islamist militants by the United States and the United Kingdom since 2007, when Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara began.

Army of Liberation[edit]

Main article: Moroccan Army of Liberation

The Army of Liberation (Berber: Aserdas n Uslelli, Arabic: جيش التحرير‎) was a force fighting for the independence of Morocco. In 1956, units of the Army began infiltrating Ifni and other enclaves of Spanish Morocco, as well as the Spanish Sahara. Initially, they received important backing from the Moroccan government. In the Spanish Sahara, the Army rallied Sahrawi tribes along the way, and triggered a large-scale rebellion. In early 1958, the Moroccan king reorganized the Army of Liberation units fighting in the Spanish Sahara as the "Saharan Liberation Army"[citation needed].

The revolt in the Spanish Sahara was put down in 1958 by a joint French and Spanish offensive. The king of Morocco then signed an agreement with the Spanish, as he asserted control over the rebellious southern border areas, and parts of the Army of Liberation was absorbed back into the Moroccan armed forces.

Nationalistic Moroccans tend to see the Army of Liberation battles in Western Sahara as a proof of Western Sahara's loyalty to the Moroccan crown, whereas sympathizers to the Polisario Front view it only as an anti-colonial war directed against Spain. Sahrawi veterans of the Army of Liberation today exist on both sides of the Western Sahara conflict, and both the Kingdom of Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic celebrate it as part of their political history.

Forces today[edit]

Situation and equipment[edit]

From the beginning of 21st-century, the Moroccan army began a modernisation program that included the purchase of modern equipment and the transformation into a more professional army performing multiple exercises with allied's armies, and as a Major non-NATO ally of the US, and member of the initiative 5+5[10] and other cooperation agreements. The army's modernisation program took shape with the acquisitions of weapons such as the Chinese VT-1A and MRLS AR2, American M1A1 Abrams, the HAWK air defense system or the M109A5 Self-Propelled Howitzer.

The organisation and structure of command remained the same:

Formations are As follows:

  • 10 Independent Armored battalions (GEB),
  • 3 Mechanized Brigades with 19 battalions (RIMZ),
  • 35 Independent Infantry Battalions (BIS),
  • 6 Light security Brigades,
  • 2 Cavalry and 3 Camel Corps battalions (Meharis),
  • 2 Paratroops Brigades (BIP), with 2 Airborne battalions (BIAP), 4 Commando battalions, and
  • 13 Artillery battalions (GAR),

Air defence is included in the Artillery structures and divisions.

Armored units are mostly deployed in eastern and southern provinces, all along Algerian border and Moroccan wall. More than 1000 tanks are in service: 384 M1 Abrams, 150 VT-1A, 148 T-72B and 427 M60A3/A3TTS Patton. Some M48 Pattons were retired from active service and stored as reserve with the 1991 cease-fire, the 109 SK-105 Kürassiers had the same fate. In Addition, 200 ex-US M1 Abrams Abrams are expected to be delivered after refurbishment and modernization to the M1A1SA "Special Armor" Configuration.

The mechanized brigades and cavalry are equipped with Light Armored Carrier (LAVs), armored personnel carriers (APCs) and infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) for transport, combat and recon missions, are equipped with, more or less: 1,900 M113 in different variants (M113A1/A1-B/A2 APCs, M106A1/A2 mortar carriers, M163 VADS, M981 FISTV, M901A1, etc.), 60 Ratel 20/90, 395 VAB VCI/VTT, 110 ex-Belgian AIFV, 175 AML 90/60 and 110 AMX 10 RC. Other APCs are part of other corps as the Auxiliary's UR-416, or the recent purchase of 88 Lenco BearCat for the Royal Moroccan Gendarmerie.

The Artillery, grouped in GARs, includes Self-Propelled Howitzers, towed Howitzers, MRLS and Air Defense Systems, mortar carriers are part of the RIMZ. The equipment includes: 350 155mm M109 SPH in different versions, 60 203mm M110A2 SPH, received as EDA from USA, and 100 155mm Mk F3 remain in service. Note that only 155mm towed howitzers are deployed all along the Moroccan Wall, that includes 140 155mm (M198, FH-70, M-1950, M114), 18 130mm (M1954) and 54 105mm (M101 and L118) are deployed in different regions. 3 Battalions of MRLS are also listed as part of RMAs inventory, the first with 36 122mm BM-21, the second with 36 300mm AR2 and third with 400mm WS-2D

Moroccan Anti-Aircraft Warfare have been based basically on Self Propelled Air Defense Systems, waiting the arrival of MIM-23 Hawk XXI HIMAD SAM. In its inventory we find 72 MIM-72 Chaparral, 12 Tunguska M1, 90 ZSU-23-4, 115 M163 VADS and new sky dragon 50 in addition to The MANPADS used by the infantry are the 9K32 "Strela-2" (SA-7 Grail), 9K38 "Igla" (SA-18 Grouse). Other systems include AAG as M1939 (61-K), ZU-23-2 or M167 VADS, usually mounted on LUVs and CUCVs. For base protections 100 Type-90 (PG99) were purchased from China, and recently, vehicles part of the AF902 FC5/35mm AA Gun Air Defence System has been seen in Moroccan roads. In 2018 an unknown number of Sky Dragon 50 AAS were delivered to Morocoo.

International projection[edit]

The Kingdom of Morocco is part of multiple international organisations, is a Major non-NATO ally, part of the Arab League, and has established military cooperation with different countries such as USA,[11] Russia,[12] Portugal,[13] Tunisia,[14] China, Qatar, Italy, France,[15] Spain,[16] UAE or Turkey.[17] As part of the UN, Moroccan Army participated in different Peacekeeping missions. Moroccan troops were sent as part of SFOR, KFOR, MINUSTAH or the more recent UNSMIS in Syria. It has also responded the call of its allies, taking part of conflicts such as Shaba I, Battle of Mogadishu (1993), the Gulf War or the Operation Scorched Earth, among others. Morocco has dispatched several field hospitals to conflict zones and areas affected by natural disasters, the latest contributions were at Libyan Civil War,[18] the Syrian civil war.[19] and in the Gaza strip after Operation Pillar of Defense.

The Royal Moroccan Army also performs annual training exercise called "African Lion" with the United States Marine Corps. The exercise is a regularly scheduled, combined U.S. - Moroccan military exercise designed to promote improved interoperability and mutual understanding of each nation's tactics, techniques, procedures, unit readiness and enhancing foreign relations.

Morocco has also been the venue for Exercise "Jebel Sahara" since September 2000, taken 10 times since, and gathering elements from 33 Squadron, 230 Squadron, 18 Squadron, 27 Squadron, Joint Helicopter Force HQ from RAF Benson, 1st Battalion Royal Gibraltar Regiment and 2nd Brigade d'Infanterie Parachutiste of the Royal Moroccan Army. The aim of the Exercise was to increase the Support Helicopter warfighting capability in desert 'hot and high' conditions and foster good relations between the UK and Morocco. To achieve this, the scenario consisted of a joint counter insurgency operation in the desert and mountain foothills to re-establish control and authority within a troubled region of North Africa.[20] Another exercises were the "Jebel Tarik", with the Moroccan contribution of service personnel to an annual bilateral deployment of two companies (up to 180 personnel) of the Royal Gibraltar Regiment (RG) to the UK, on seven occasions since 2003.[21] "Desert Vortex", a one-off bilateral helicopter exercise which is run between 16 May and 30 June 2009. This was a UK training exercise with objectives set by Joint Helicopter Command (JHC) and run concurrently with Moroccan Air Force annual helicopter crew training.[22]

The Royal Gibraltar Regiment ran an exercise with the Moroccan 2e Brigade d'Infanterie Parachutiste (2e BIP) in late 2008.[23]

The Royal Armed Forces also take part of different international exercises as Leapfest,[24] Flintlock,[25] Blue Sand,[26] and occasional military operations exercises with Belgium, U.A.E., Spain, France and others.

Ranks[edit]

Main article: Military ranks of the Royal Moroccan Armed Forces
Officers
Equivalent
NATO code		 OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1 OF(D) and student officer
Morocco Morocco
(Edit) 		21-Moroccan Army-FM.svg 20-Moroccan Army-GEN.svg 19-Moroccan Army-LG.svg 18-Moroccan Army-MG.svg 17-Moroccan Army-BG.svg 16-Moroccan Army-BRIG.svg 15-Moroccan Army-COL.svg 14-Moroccan Army-LTC.svg 13-Moroccan Army-MAJ.svg 12-Moroccan Army-CPT.svg 11-Moroccan Army-1LT.svg 10-Moroccan Army-2LT.svg None.svg None.svg
Maréchal Général d'armée Général de corps d'armée Général de division Général de brigade Colonel Major Colonel Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant Capitaine Lieutenant Sous-Lieutenant Aspirant Eleve Officier
  • Général de l'armé et commandant en chef: Retained by His Majesty the King of Morocco.
Enlisted
Equivalent
NATO code		 OR-9 OR-8 OR-7 OR-6 OR-5 OR-4 OR-3 OR-2 OR-1
Morocco Morocco
(Edit) 		09-Moroccan Army-CWO.svg 08-Moroccan Army-WO.svg 07-Moroccan Army-SGM.svg 06-Moroccan Army-SFC.svg 05-Moroccan Army-SGT.svg 04-Moroccan Army-MCPL.svg 03-Moroccan Army-CPL.svg 02-Moroccan Army-PFC.svg 01-Moroccan Army-PSC.svg
Warrant Officer Class 1
Adjudant-chef 		Warrant Officer Class 2
Adjudant 		Sergeant Major
Sergent-major 		Staff Sergeant
Sergent-chef 		Sergeant
Sergent 		Master Corporal
Caporal-chef 		Corporal
Caporal 		Private First Class
Soldat de première classe 		Private
Soldat de Deuxième classe

In 2009, the Moroccan army had:[27]

  • 24 Generals (major generals)
  • 80 Colonel-Major
  • 200 Lt-Colonel

Equipment[edit]

Main article: List of equipment of the Royal Moroccan Army

Uniform[edit]

The most common service uniform of the Royal Moroccan Army is olive drab, but you can also see Moroccan troops with other types of uniforms such as the Desert lizard, Red Lizard and Camouflage Centre Europe uniforms.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "La Garde royale marocaine". maghreb-observateur.qc.ca.
  2. ^ IISS 2013, pp. 394
  3. ^ "UN Secretary General Grateful to Morocco for Action for Stability in Central African Republic". www.moroccanembassy.sa.
  4. ^ "Africa :: Morocco – The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
  5. ^ Science, London School of Economics and Political. "404". London School of Economics and Political Science.
  6. ^ "National Intelligence Daily (Cable) : 5 June 1978" (PDF).
  7. ^ "National Intelligence Daily (Cable), 27 novembre 1978" (PDF).
  8. ^ Berman, Eric G.; Sams, Katie E. (2000). Peacekeeping in Africa : Capabilities And Culpabilities. Geneva: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research. pp. 219–220. ISBN 92-9045-133-5.
  9. ^ "UNSMIS Facts and Figures".
  10. ^ "Spanish ministry of defense website".
  11. ^ The U.S. cooperation program in Morocco is a model for the region and is an important aspect of on-going regional multilateral security cooperation activities, including peacekeeping operations. Requested FY 2010 funding will allow the U.S. to meet a target of assisting Moroccan military personnel participation in 50 exercises with U.S. or coalition forces."Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. ^ In Moscow, the signing of the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Kingdom of Morocco on cooperation in military field [1]
  13. ^ No que se refere ao objetivo 3, em 2011, foram realizadas 13 atividades com Marrocos [2]
  14. ^ "La Presse de Tunisie - limperatif-dimpulser-davantage-la-cooperation-militaire | 23389 | 25022011". web.archive.org. 1 March 2011. Archived from the original on 1 March 2011.
  15. ^ "Échanges franco-marocains - French ministry of defense". Defense.gouv.fr. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  16. ^ "Réunion à Rabat de la 7e commission mixte militaire maroco-espagnole". Archived from the original on 22 July 2012.
  17. ^ "Full-text search". search.wikileaks.org.
  18. ^ "Morocco Sends Humanitarian Assistance to Refugees at the Libyan Border".
  19. ^ "Security Council, Meeting on Situation in Syria, Shifts Focus to Plight of Externally, Internally Displaced Persons | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases". www.un.org.
  20. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  21. ^ http://www.panorama.gi/localnews/headlines.php?action=view_article&article=4151&offset=0
  22. ^ "House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 08 Dec 2010 (pt 0001)". publications.parliament.uk.
  23. ^ 'African Adventure,' Air International, January 2009, p.58
  24. ^ "Army National Guard". www.nationalguard.com.
  25. ^ http://207.58.148.253/category.php?NID=60073
  26. ^ http://ww2.dcmilitary.com/dcmilitary_archives/stories/040901/6383-1.shtml
  27. ^ M Sehimi (12 June 2009). "Qui dirige l'armée au Maroc ?". Maroc Hebdo. Retrieved 13 February 2014.

Further reading[edit]

  • Anthony Cordesman, 'A Tragedy of Arms'
  • John Keegan "World Armies" ISBN 0-333-17236-1
  • R. Hure "L'Armee d' Afrique 1830-1962"
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